Julio Cortazar’s “Final Exam (Examen de admisión)” is a thought-provoking short story that explores the themes of identity, perception, and the nature of reality. In this ultimate guide, we will delve into the story’s plot, characters, and symbolism, as well as provide analysis and interpretation to help readers gain a deeper understanding of this literary masterpiece. Whether you’re a student studying Cortazar’s work or a fan of surrealism and magical realism, this guide is sure to enhance your appreciation of “Final Exam.”
Background Information
Julio Cortazar was an Argentine writer and translator who is considered one of the most important and innovative authors of the 20th century. He was born in Brussels, Belgium in 1914, but spent most of his childhood in Argentina. Cortazar’s literary career began in the 1940s, and he quickly gained recognition for his unique style and experimental approach to writing. His works often blur the lines between reality and fantasy, and explore themes such as identity, time, and the human condition. “Final Exam (Examen de admisión)” is one of Cortazar’s most famous short stories, and is widely studied and analyzed in literature courses around the world.
Plot Summary
In Julio Cortazar’s “Final Exam (Examen de admisión),” the story follows a young man named Juan who is preparing for his university entrance exam. As he studies, he becomes increasingly obsessed with a mysterious woman he sees on the street. He begins to follow her and eventually discovers that she is a prostitute. Despite this, he continues to be drawn to her and eventually becomes her client. As their relationship develops, Juan becomes more and more isolated from his friends and family, and his academic performance suffers. The story culminates in a shocking and tragic ending that leaves the reader questioning the nature of love and obsession.
Main Characters
The main characters in Julio Cortazar’s “Final Exam (Examen de admisión)” are the narrator, the protagonist, and the other students taking the entrance exam for the National University. The narrator is an omniscient voice that provides insight into the protagonist’s thoughts and feelings throughout the story. The protagonist is a young man who is taking the exam for the second time and is determined to pass. He is described as intelligent and hardworking, but also anxious and insecure. The other students taking the exam are mostly anonymous, but they serve as a backdrop for the protagonist’s internal struggles and provide a sense of competition and pressure. Together, these characters create a tense and introspective atmosphere that captures the experience of taking a high-stakes exam.
Themes
One of the central themes in Julio Cortazar’s ‘Final Exam (Examen de admisión)’ is the concept of identity. The protagonist, Juan, struggles with his own sense of self as he navigates through the surreal and often confusing world of the exam. This theme is further explored through the use of doppelgangers and mirrors, which serve as physical manifestations of Juan’s internal struggle. Additionally, the story touches on themes of power dynamics and societal expectations, as Juan is constantly being judged and evaluated by those in positions of authority. Overall, ‘Final Exam’ is a thought-provoking exploration of the complexities of identity and the ways in which external forces can shape our sense of self.
Symbols and Motifs
One of the most prominent symbols in Julio Cortazar’s “Final Exam” is the image of the labyrinth. The labyrinth represents the complex and confusing nature of the protagonist’s journey through life and the challenges he faces in trying to find his place in the world. The motif of mirrors is also prevalent throughout the story, reflecting the protagonist’s inner turmoil and the various versions of himself that he presents to the world. These symbols and motifs add depth and complexity to the story, inviting readers to explore the deeper themes and meanings behind the narrative.
Style and Structure
One of the most striking aspects of Julio Cortazar’s “Final Exam (Examen de admisión)” is its unique style and structure. The story is divided into three distinct parts, each with its own narrative voice and perspective. The first part is written in the second person, placing the reader directly in the shoes of the protagonist, a young man named Oliveira. The second part is written in the third person, providing a more objective view of the events that unfold. Finally, the third part returns to the second person, but this time from the perspective of a different character entirely.
This unconventional structure serves to heighten the sense of disorientation and confusion that Oliveira experiences throughout the story. It also allows Cortazar to explore different facets of the narrative and to delve deeper into the motivations and perspectives of the various characters.
In addition to its unique structure, “Final Exam” is also notable for its use of stream-of-consciousness narration and its frequent shifts in time and space. These elements combine to create a dreamlike quality to the story, blurring the lines between reality and imagination.
Overall, the style and structure of “Final Exam” are integral to its impact and effectiveness as a work of literature. Cortazar’s experimental approach challenges readers to engage with the story in new and unexpected ways, and the result is a haunting and unforgettable reading experience.
Analysis of the Ending
The ending of Julio Cortazar’s “Final Exam” is a complex and thought-provoking conclusion to the story. The final scene, in which the protagonist is revealed to be a figment of the narrator’s imagination, raises questions about the nature of reality and the power of the human mind. Some readers may interpret the ending as a commentary on the limitations of our perceptions and the ways in which we construct our own realities. Others may see it as a warning about the dangers of becoming too invested in our own fantasies and losing touch with the world around us. Whatever interpretation one chooses, it is clear that the ending of “Final Exam” is a powerful and memorable conclusion to a masterful work of fiction.
Interpretations and Criticisms
Interpretations and criticisms of Julio Cortazar’s “Final Exam (Examen de admisión)” have varied greatly since its publication in 1950. Some readers have praised the story’s surreal and dreamlike qualities, while others have criticized its lack of clear narrative structure.
One interpretation of the story is that it represents the anxiety and uncertainty of adolescence, as the protagonist navigates a confusing and unpredictable world. Others have suggested that the story is a commentary on the education system, with the exam representing the pressure and competition that students face in order to succeed.
Critics have also pointed out the story’s use of symbolism, such as the recurring image of the staircase, which may represent the protagonist’s journey towards adulthood or the idea of progress and achievement. However, some have argued that the symbolism is too vague and open to interpretation, making it difficult to fully understand the story’s meaning.
Despite these differing opinions, “Final Exam” remains a popular and influential work of literature, and continues to be studied and analyzed by scholars and readers alike.
Comparisons to Other Works by Cortazar
In comparison to other works by Julio Cortazar, “Final Exam” stands out for its unique structure and use of multiple perspectives. While his other works, such as “Hopscotch” and “Blow-Up and Other Stories,” also experiment with form and narrative style, “Final Exam” takes it to a new level. The story is told through the perspectives of various characters, including the protagonist, his classmates, and even the exam itself. This creates a complex and layered narrative that keeps the reader engaged and guessing until the very end. Additionally, “Final Exam” deals with themes of identity and self-discovery, which are also present in Cortazar’s other works. However, the way in which these themes are explored in “Final Exam” is particularly thought-provoking and impactful. Overall, “Final Exam” is a standout work in Cortazar’s oeuvre and a must-read for fans of his writing.
Relevance to Contemporary Society
Julio Cortazar’s ‘Final Exam (Examen de admisión)’ is a timeless piece of literature that continues to resonate with contemporary society. The story explores themes of conformity, individuality, and the pressure to succeed in a competitive academic environment. These themes are still relevant today, as students face similar challenges in their pursuit of education and career success. The story also raises questions about the value of education and the role it plays in shaping our identities and futures. In a world where education is increasingly commodified and viewed as a means to an end, ‘Final Exam’ reminds us of the importance of critical thinking, creativity, and self-discovery. As such, it remains a valuable and thought-provoking read for anyone navigating the complexities of modern society.
Historical Context
Julio Cortazar’s ‘Final Exam (Examen de admisión)’ was written during a time of political and social upheaval in Argentina. In the 1950s and 1960s, the country was ruled by a military dictatorship that suppressed dissent and censored the media. Cortazar, a prominent writer and intellectual, was a vocal critic of the regime and used his writing to challenge the status quo. ‘Final Exam’ is a prime example of his subversive style, as it explores themes of identity, power, and resistance in a surreal and unsettling way. The story’s protagonist, a young man named Oliveira, is forced to confront his own limitations and fears as he navigates a bizarre and unpredictable world. Through Oliveira’s experiences, Cortazar offers a critique of authoritarianism and the ways in which it can distort reality and suppress individuality. As such, ‘Final Exam’ is not only a compelling work of fiction, but also a powerful commentary on the political climate of its time.
Significance of the Title
The title of Julio Cortazar’s short story, “Final Exam (Examen de admisión),” holds significant meaning in relation to the themes and motifs present throughout the text. The phrase “final exam” immediately evokes a sense of pressure and anxiety, as it is often associated with the culmination of one’s academic career. This idea is mirrored in the story’s protagonist, who is undergoing a rigorous examination process in order to gain admission to a prestigious university.
Furthermore, the use of the word “admission” in the title highlights the theme of acceptance and rejection that permeates the story. The protagonist is constantly striving to prove himself worthy of admission to the university, and his success or failure in this endeavor ultimately determines his future.
Overall, the title of “Final Exam (Examen de admisión)” serves as a fitting encapsulation of the story’s central themes and motifs, and sets the tone for the tense and high-stakes narrative that follows.
Language and Translation Issues
One of the biggest challenges when reading Julio Cortazar’s “Final Exam (Examen de admisión)” is the language and translation issues that arise. Cortazar’s writing style is known for its complexity and playfulness, which can be difficult to capture in translation. Additionally, the story is set in Argentina and includes cultural references that may not be familiar to non-Argentinian readers.
One example of this is the use of lunfardo, a slang language used in Buenos Aires. Lunfardo words and phrases are sprinkled throughout the story, adding to its authenticity and local flavor. However, these words can be difficult to translate accurately, and some may not have direct equivalents in English.
Another language issue in “Final Exam” is the use of wordplay and puns. Cortazar often plays with words and their meanings, creating a sense of ambiguity and multiple interpretations. This can be challenging to convey in translation, as the nuances of the original language may be lost.
Despite these challenges, “Final Exam” remains a beloved and influential work of literature. Readers who are not fluent in Spanish may want to seek out a translation that captures the spirit of Cortazar’s writing and includes helpful notes on cultural references and language usage.
Reception and Awards
‘Final Exam’ has been widely acclaimed by literary critics and readers alike. The novel was awarded the prestigious National Prize for Literature in Argentina in 1960, just a year after its publication. It has since been translated into several languages and has been included in numerous anthologies of Latin American literature.
The novel’s innovative structure and themes of identity, memory, and the search for meaning have been praised by critics for their complexity and depth. Cortazar’s use of stream-of-consciousness narration and non-linear storytelling has been particularly noted as a groundbreaking technique in Latin American literature.
‘Final Exam’ continues to be a beloved and influential work in the literary canon, cementing Cortazar’s place as one of the most important writers of the 20th century.”
Adaptations and Influences
One of the most notable adaptations of Julio Cortazar’s “Final Exam” is the 1986 film adaptation titled “The Stranger” directed by Adolfo Aristarain. The film follows the same basic plot as the short story, with a man named Juan Desouza taking an entrance exam for a mysterious organization. However, the film expands on the story by adding more action and suspense, as well as a romantic subplot.
Cortazar’s influence can also be seen in the works of other writers, particularly in the genre of magical realism. His use of surrealism and dreamlike imagery has inspired many writers to explore similar themes in their own work. One notable example is Gabriel Garcia Marquez, who has cited Cortazar as a major influence on his own writing.
Overall, Cortazar’s “Final Exam” has had a lasting impact on literature and popular culture, inspiring adaptations and influencing other writers for decades to come.
Interviews and Quotes from Cortazar
In interviews, Julio Cortazar often spoke about the themes and ideas present in his short story “Final Exam (Examen de admisión).” He discussed the concept of time and how it is portrayed in the story, stating that “time is not linear, it is circular, and it is always present in our lives.” Cortazar also talked about the importance of the reader’s interpretation and how each person’s understanding of the story may differ. He said, “The reader is the one who completes the story, who gives it meaning. Without the reader, the story is incomplete.” Cortazar’s quotes provide insight into his writing process and the deeper meanings behind his works.
Further Reading and Resources
For those who want to delve deeper into the works of Julio Cortazar, there are several resources available. One of the most comprehensive is the book “Julio Cortazar: A Study of His Fiction” by Jaime Alazraki. This book provides an in-depth analysis of Cortazar’s writing style, themes, and literary influences. Another valuable resource is the website of the Julio Cortazar Foundation, which offers a wealth of information about the author’s life and work, as well as a collection of his short stories and essays. Additionally, readers may want to explore other works by Cortazar, such as “Hopscotch” and “Blow-Up and Other Stories,” to gain a better understanding of his unique literary voice.