W.H. Auden’s poem “O What Is That Sound” is a haunting and enigmatic work that has captivated readers for decades. Through the use of vivid imagery and evocative language, Auden explores themes of fear, uncertainty, and the fragility of human relationships. In this article, we will delve deeper into the meaning of this poem through a literary analysis, examining its structure, symbolism, and overarching themes.
Historical Context of W.H. Auden’s ‘O What Is That Sound’
W.H. Auden’s poem “O What Is That Sound” was written in 1936, during a time of political and social upheaval in Europe. The rise of fascism and the looming threat of war were major concerns for many people, including Auden. The poem reflects this historical context, with its themes of fear, uncertainty, and the search for safety. The sound that the speaker hears in the poem could be interpreted as a metaphor for the approaching danger of war, or the ominous presence of authoritarian regimes. Understanding the historical context of the poem is crucial to decoding its meaning and appreciating its relevance to contemporary issues.
Analysis of the Title and Its Significance
The title of W.H. Auden’s poem, “O What Is That Sound,” immediately draws the reader’s attention and curiosity. The use of the interjection “O” suggests a sense of urgency and surprise, while the question “What Is That Sound” creates a sense of mystery and intrigue. The title also sets the tone for the poem, which explores themes of fear, uncertainty, and the unknown.
Furthermore, the repetition of the word “that” in the title emphasizes the ambiguity of the sound, as if the speaker is unable to identify it. This ambiguity is further reinforced by the lack of punctuation in the title, which creates a sense of fluidity and openness.
Overall, the title of the poem serves as a powerful introduction to the themes and tone of the work, inviting the reader to delve deeper into the mysterious world of Auden’s poetry.
Literary Devices Used in ‘O What Is That Sound’
In W.H. Auden’s poem “O What Is That Sound,” the author employs several literary devices to convey the poem’s meaning. One of the most prominent devices used is imagery. Throughout the poem, Auden uses vivid descriptions of the sounds and sights that the speaker encounters, such as “the feet of many men” and “the cry of fear.” These images help to create a sense of urgency and danger, as well as to convey the speaker’s emotional state. Another device used is repetition, particularly in the refrain of “O what is that sound,” which serves to emphasize the speaker’s confusion and fear. Additionally, Auden uses personification, giving human qualities to the “sound” itself, which adds to the ominous tone of the poem. Overall, these literary devices work together to create a haunting and powerful poem that explores themes of fear, uncertainty, and the human experience.
Themes and Motifs in the Poem
One of the prominent themes in W.H. Auden’s poem “O What Is That Sound” is the fear of the unknown. The speaker is awakened by a strange sound in the middle of the night and is immediately filled with a sense of dread. The repetition of the phrase “I do not know” emphasizes the speaker’s uncertainty and lack of control over the situation. This fear of the unknown is further emphasized by the use of imagery such as “the wind’s footfalls” and “the shadowy horsemen” which create a sense of mystery and unease. Another important motif in the poem is the idea of communication breakdown. The speaker’s attempts to communicate with the person making the sound are met with silence, leaving the speaker feeling isolated and helpless. This motif is further reinforced by the use of repetition in the final stanza, where the speaker’s repeated calls for help go unanswered. Overall, the themes and motifs in “O What Is That Sound” work together to create a sense of unease and uncertainty, highlighting the fragility of human communication and the fear of the unknown.
Imagery and Symbolism in ‘O What Is That Sound’
Imagery and symbolism play a significant role in W.H. Auden’s poem “O What Is That Sound.” The poem is filled with vivid descriptions that create a haunting and eerie atmosphere. The use of imagery and symbolism helps to convey the theme of fear and uncertainty that runs throughout the poem.
One of the most striking images in the poem is the sound of the “footsteps” that the speaker hears. The sound is described as “slowly pacing, / steadily nearing” and creates a sense of impending danger. The footsteps are a symbol of the unknown and the fear that comes with it. The speaker is unsure of who or what is making the sound, and this uncertainty adds to the tension of the poem.
Another powerful image in the poem is the “blackened window.” The window is a symbol of the speaker’s isolation and fear. The darkness outside represents the unknown and the speaker’s fear of what might be lurking in the shadows. The window also serves as a barrier between the speaker and the outside world, emphasizing the speaker’s sense of vulnerability and helplessness.
The use of imagery and symbolism in “O What Is That Sound” helps to create a sense of unease and tension that runs throughout the poem. The images of the footsteps and the blackened window are powerful symbols that convey the theme of fear and uncertainty. Through these symbols, Auden explores the human experience of fear and the ways in which it can isolate and paralyze us.
The Narrator’s Perspective and Voice
The narrator’s perspective and voice play a crucial role in W.H. Auden’s poem “O What Is That Sound.” The poem is written in the first person, and the narrator’s voice is that of a young woman who is frightened and confused by the sounds she hears outside her window. The use of the first person perspective allows the reader to experience the narrator’s emotions and thoughts firsthand, creating a sense of intimacy and immediacy. Additionally, the narrator’s voice is characterized by a sense of urgency and desperation, as she pleads with her lover to come to her aid. This sense of urgency is heightened by the repetition of the phrase “O what is that sound,” which serves as a refrain throughout the poem. Overall, the narrator’s perspective and voice are essential to the poem’s emotional impact, as they allow the reader to empathize with the narrator’s fear and desperation.
The Role of Sound in the Poem
The role of sound in W.H. Auden’s “O What Is That Sound” is crucial to the poem’s overall meaning and effect on the reader. The poem is filled with various sound devices, such as alliteration, assonance, and onomatopoeia, which create a sense of urgency and tension. The repetition of the phrase “o what is that sound” throughout the poem creates a haunting and ominous tone, as if the speaker is constantly searching for an answer to the mysterious noise. Additionally, the use of rhyme and rhythm in the poem adds to its musicality and creates a sense of foreboding. Overall, the sound in “O What Is That Sound” serves to enhance the poem’s themes of fear, uncertainty, and the unknown.
The Significance of the Setting
The setting of a literary work can often hold great significance in understanding the themes and messages conveyed by the author. In W.H. Auden’s poem “O What Is That Sound,” the setting plays a crucial role in the overall meaning of the work. The poem takes place in a dark and ominous forest, where the speaker hears a haunting sound that fills them with fear and dread. This setting creates a sense of isolation and danger, emphasizing the speaker’s feelings of vulnerability and helplessness. Additionally, the forest can be seen as a metaphor for the unknown and unpredictable nature of life, further emphasizing the poem’s themes of fear and uncertainty. Overall, the setting of “O What Is That Sound” serves as a powerful tool in conveying the poem’s deeper meanings and messages.
The Relationship Between the Two Characters
The relationship between the two characters in W.H. Auden’s “O What Is That Sound” is complex and multifaceted. At first glance, it appears to be a simple interaction between a man and a woman. However, upon closer examination, it becomes clear that there is much more going on beneath the surface. The man’s repeated question, “O what is that sound,” suggests a sense of unease or anxiety, while the woman’s response, “Only the wind in the trees,” seems dismissive and uninterested. This dynamic sets the stage for a deeper exploration of the power dynamics at play in the relationship. As the poem progresses, it becomes clear that the man is in a position of vulnerability, while the woman holds the power. This is evident in the way she dismisses his concerns and refuses to engage with him on a deeper level. Ultimately, the relationship between the two characters serves as a commentary on the ways in which power and control can shape our interactions with others.
The Historical and Political Implications of the Poem
W.H. Auden’s poem “O What Is That Sound” was written in 1936, during a time of great political and social upheaval in Europe. The poem’s haunting imagery and sense of foreboding reflect the anxieties of the era, as fascism and totalitarianism were on the rise and war seemed increasingly likely.
The poem can be read as a commentary on the dangers of political apathy and the need for individuals to take action in the face of injustice. The speaker’s repeated question, “O what is that sound,” suggests a sense of confusion and uncertainty, as if the speaker is struggling to make sense of the world around them. The sound itself is ominous and unsettling, and the speaker’s fear and anxiety are palpable.
At the same time, the poem can also be read as a critique of the political systems that allowed such atrocities to occur. The “soldiers marching” and “guns booming” suggest the violence and destruction of war, while the “bells ringing” and “birds singing” suggest the beauty and innocence that is being lost. The juxtaposition of these images highlights the senseless and tragic nature of war, and the need for a more peaceful and just society.
Overall, “O What Is That Sound” is a powerful and evocative poem that speaks to the historical and political context in which it was written. Its themes of fear, uncertainty, and the need for action are as relevant today as they were in 1936, and the poem remains a powerful reminder of the dangers of political apathy and the importance of standing up for what is right.
The Poem’s Connection to Auden’s Other Works
Auden’s poem “O What Is That Sound” is not an isolated work in his literary career. In fact, it is closely connected to his other works, particularly those that deal with the themes of war, violence, and the human condition. One of the most notable examples is his poem “September 1, 1939,” which was written just a few months before “O What Is That Sound.” Both poems share a similar tone of despair and disillusionment, as well as a sense of urgency in the face of impending danger. Additionally, Auden’s use of imagery and symbolism in “O What Is That Sound” is reminiscent of his earlier works, such as “The Shield of Achilles” and “The Unknown Citizen.” These connections suggest that “O What Is That Sound” is not just a standalone piece, but rather a part of a larger body of work that explores the complexities of the human experience.
Critical Reception of ‘O What Is That Sound’
The critical reception of W.H. Auden’s “O What Is That Sound” has been mixed over the years. Some critics have praised the poem for its haunting imagery and powerful use of language, while others have criticized it for being too simplistic or heavy-handed in its message. One of the most common interpretations of the poem is that it is a commentary on the rise of fascism in Europe during the 1930s, with the “sound” representing the ominous approach of war and destruction. However, others have argued that the poem is more universal in its themes, exploring the fear and uncertainty that can arise in any situation of political upheaval or social unrest. Regardless of how one chooses to interpret the poem, there is no denying its enduring power and relevance, as it continues to resonate with readers today just as strongly as it did when it was first published nearly a century ago.
The Poem’s Relevance to Contemporary Society
W.H. Auden’s poem “O What Is That Sound” may have been written in the 1930s, but its relevance to contemporary society cannot be denied. The poem’s themes of fear, uncertainty, and the search for meaning are still prevalent in today’s world. In a time where political and social unrest is rampant, the poem’s portrayal of a society on the brink of collapse resonates deeply with readers. The haunting repetition of the phrase “I do not know” speaks to the feeling of helplessness that many individuals experience in the face of overwhelming circumstances. Additionally, the poem’s exploration of the power dynamics between individuals and authority figures is particularly relevant in a time where issues of police brutality and government corruption are at the forefront of public discourse. Overall, “O What Is That Sound” serves as a poignant reminder that the human experience is timeless and that the struggles we face today are not so different from those of the past.
The Poem’s Place in the Canon of English Literature
W.H. Auden’s “O What Is That Sound” is a poem that has secured its place in the canon of English literature. The poem was first published in 1936, and since then, it has been widely studied and analyzed by literary scholars and enthusiasts alike. The poem’s themes of fear, uncertainty, and the human condition have resonated with readers for decades, making it a timeless piece of literature. Its use of imagery, symbolism, and metaphor has also contributed to its significance in the literary world. As such, “O What Is That Sound” has become a staple in English literature, and its impact on the genre cannot be overstated.
The Influence of ‘O What Is That Sound’ on Other Writers
W.H. Auden’s “O What Is That Sound” has had a significant impact on other writers in the literary world. The poem’s haunting imagery and themes of fear and uncertainty have inspired many to explore similar themes in their own works. One notable example is Sylvia Plath’s “Daddy,” which also deals with the fear of a looming presence and the struggle to come to terms with it. Additionally, the poem’s use of repetition and simple language has influenced the work of contemporary poets such as Billy Collins and Mary Oliver. Overall, “O What Is That Sound” has left a lasting impression on the literary world and continues to inspire writers to this day.
The Poem’s Use in Education and Academia
The use of poetry in education and academia is not a new concept. In fact, it has been a staple in literature classes for centuries. The study of poetry allows students to analyze language, form, and structure, as well as explore the deeper meanings and themes within the text. W.H. Auden’s “O What Is That Sound” is a prime example of a poem that can be used in the classroom to teach literary analysis and critical thinking skills. By examining the poem’s use of imagery, symbolism, and tone, students can gain a deeper understanding of the human experience and the power of language. Additionally, the study of poetry can help students develop their own writing skills, as they learn to craft their own poems with precision and intention. Overall, the use of poetry in education and academia is a valuable tool for fostering creativity, critical thinking, and a deeper appreciation for the written word.
The Poem’s Significance in Auden’s Overall Body of Work
The poem “O What Is That Sound” holds a significant place in W.H. Auden’s overall body of work. Auden was known for his ability to capture the complexities of human emotions and the societal issues of his time. In this poem, he explores the themes of fear, powerlessness, and the inevitability of change. These themes are recurrent in Auden’s work, and “O What Is That Sound” is a prime example of his mastery in conveying them through his poetry. The poem’s haunting imagery and the use of repetition create a sense of urgency and unease, which is a hallmark of Auden’s style. Moreover, the poem’s structure and language reflect Auden’s interest in the formal aspects of poetry. The use of rhyme and meter adds to the poem’s musicality and enhances its emotional impact. Overall, “O What Is That Sound” is a testament to Auden’s poetic genius and his ability to capture the human experience in all its complexity.
The Poem’s Connection to the Broader Literary Tradition
W.H. Auden’s “O What Is That Sound” is a poem that is deeply rooted in the broader literary tradition. The poem’s themes of fear, uncertainty, and the human condition are common themes found in many works of literature. Additionally, the poem’s use of imagery and symbolism is reminiscent of the Romantic poets, who often used nature and the natural world to convey complex emotions and ideas.
Furthermore, the poem’s structure and form are also significant in its connection to the broader literary tradition. The use of repetition and rhyme scheme is reminiscent of traditional ballads, which were often used to tell stories and convey moral lessons. This connection to traditional forms of poetry highlights the poem’s timeless themes and its ability to resonate with readers across generations.
Overall, “O What Is That Sound” is a poem that is deeply connected to the broader literary tradition. Its themes, imagery, and structure all contribute to its significance as a work of literature and its ability to speak to readers across time and place.